We can soon expect the “Powers that Be” to make it their top priority to award African-Americans with doctorates, regardless of ability, the usual ways e.g., forge more credentials, waive more academic requirements, remove more testing obstacles, etc.).

What I plan to do with it? Well, I was sold on racial diversity as a teen. I now know that it’s a lie. The more people that become racially aware, the less they’ll follow the dogma that is multiculturalism. Eventually, or hopefully, they will actively stop organizations that are slowly destroying this country. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/13/AR2007101300743.html
Straight from your link, Taranto: “41.3 percent of all doctorates awarded to African Americans in 2004 were in the field of education.”
We all know about the quality of schools run by blacks like Priscilla Slade, don’t we? http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/metropolitan/5195502.html
So far, not one of you has beaten me in this hollow debate.

See below details:

BRANCH 11 INFANTRY
* 11A INFANTRY

BRANCH 12 ARMOR
* 12A ARMOR, GENERAL
* 12B ARMOR
* 12C CAVALRY

BRANCH 13 FIELD ARTILLERY
13A FIELD ARTILLERY, GENERAL

BRANCH 14 AIR DEFENSE ARTILLERY
14A AIR DEFENSE ARTILLERY, GENERAL
* 14B SHORT-RANGE AIR DEFENSE (SHORAD) ARTILLERY
14D HAWK MISSILE AIR DEFENSE ARTILLERY
14E PATRIOT MISSILE AIR DEFENSE ARTILLERY

BRANCH 15 AVIATION
15A AVIATION, GENERAL
15B AVIATION COMBINED ARMS OPERATIONS
15C AVIATION ALL-SOURCE INTELLIGENCE
15D AVIATION LOGISTICS

BRANCH 18 SPECIAL FORCES
* 18A SPECIAL FORCES

BRANCH 21 CORPS OF ENGINEERS
21A ENGINEER, GENERAL
21B COMBAT ENGINEER
21D FACILITIES/CONTRACT CONSTRUCTION
MANAGEMENT ENGINEER (FCCME)

BRANCH 25 SIGNAL CORPS
25A SIGNAL, GENERAL

BRANCH 31 MILITARY POLICE
31A MILITARY POLICE

BRANCH 35 MILITARY INTELLIGENCE
35B STRATEGIC INTELLIGENCE (RC)
35C IMAGERY INTELLIGENCE (IMINT)
35D ALL SOURCE INTELLIGENCE
35E COUNTER INTELLIGENCE (CI)
35F HUMAN INTELLIGENCE (HUMINT)
35G S IGNALS INTELLIGENCE/ELECTRONIC
WARFARE (SIGINT/EW)

BRANCH 38 CIVIL AFFAIRS
38A CIVIL AFFAIRS, GENERAL

BRANCH 42 ADJUTANT GENERAL’S CORPS
42B PERSONNEL SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT
42C ARMY BANDS

BRANCH 44 FINANCE CORPS
44A FINANCE, GENERAL

BRANCH 55 JUDGE ADVOCATE GENERAL’S CORPS
55A JUDGE ADVOCATE, GENERAL
55B MILITARY JUDGE

BRANCH 56 CHAPLAIN
56A COMMAND AND UNIT CHAPLAIN
56D CLINICAL PASTORAL EDUCATOR

BRANCHES 60-62 MEDICAL CORPS
60A OPERATIONAL MEDICINE
60B NUCLEAR MEDICINE OFFICER
60C PREVENTIVE MEDICINE OFFICER
60D OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE OFFICER
60F PULMONARY DISEASE OFFICER
60G GASTROENTEROLOGIST
60H CARDIOLOGIST
60J OBSTETRICIAN AND GYNECOLOGIST
60K UROLOGIST
60L DERMATOLOGIST
60M ALLERGIST, CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGIST
60N ANESTHESIOLOGIST
60P PEDIATRICIAN
60Q PEDIATRIC CARDIOLOGIST
60R CHILD NEUROLOGIST
60S OPHTHALMOLOGIST
60T OTOLARYNGOLOGIST
60U CHILD PSYCHIATRIST
60V NEUROLOGIST
60W PSYCHIATRIST
61A NEPHROLOGIST
61B MEDICAL ONCOLOGIST/HEMATOLOGIST
61C ENDOCRINOLOGIST
61D RHEUMATOLOGIST
61E CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGIST
61F INTERNIST
61G INFECTIOUS DISEASE OFFICER
61H FAMILY PHYSICIAN
61J GENERAL SURGEON
61K THORACIC SURGEON
61L PLASTIC SURGEON
61M ORTHOPEDIC SURGEON
61N FLIGHT SURGEON
61P PHYSIATRIST
61Q THERAPEUTIC RADIOLOGIST
61R DIAGNOSTIC RADIOLOGIST
61U PATHOLOGIST
61W PERIPHERAL VASCULAR SURGEON
61Z NEUROSURGEON
62A EMERGENCY PHYSICIAN
62B FIELD SURGEON

BRANCH 63 DENTAL CORPS
63A GENERAL DENTIST
63B COMPREHENSIVE DENTIST
63D PERIODONTIST
63E ENDODONTIST
63F PROSTHODONIST
63H PUBLIC HEALTH DENTIST
63K PEDIATRIC DENTIST
63M ORTHODONTIST
63N ORAL MAXILLOFACIAL SURGEON
63P ORAL PATHOLOGIST
63R EXECUTIVE DENTIST

BRANCH 64 VETERINARY CORPS
64A FIELD VETERINARY SERVICE
64B VETERINARY PREVENTIVE MEDICINE
64C VETERINARY LABORATORY ANIMAL MEDICINE
64D VETERINARY PATHOLOGY
64E VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY
64F VETERINARY COMPARATIVE MEDICINE
64Z SENIOR VETERINARIAN (IMMATERIAL)

BRANCH 65 ARMY MEDICAL SPECIALIST CORPS
65A OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY
65B PHYSICAL THERAPY
65C DIETITIAN
65D PHYSICIAN ASSISTANT

BRANCH 66 ARMY NURSE CORPS (ANC)
66C PSYCHIATRIC/MENTAL HEALTH NURSE
66E OPERATING ROOM NURSE
66F NURSE ANESTHETIST
66H MEDICAL-SURGICAL NURSE
66N GENERALIST NURSE

BRANCH 67 MEDICAL SERVICE CORPS
67A HEALTH SERVICES
67B LABORATORY SCIENCES
67C PREVENTIVE MEDICINE SCIENCES
67D BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
67E PHARMACY
67F OPTOMETRY
67G PODIATRY
67J AEROMEDICAL EVACUATION

BRANCH 74 CHEMICAL
74A CHEMICAL, GENERAL
74B CHEMICAL OPERATIONS AND TRAINING
74C CHEMICAL MUNITIONS & MATERIEL MANAGEMENT

BRANCH 88 TRANSPORTATION CORPS
88A TRANSPORTATION, GENERAL
88B TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
88C MARINE AND TERMINAL OPERATIONS
88D MOTOR/RAIL TRANSPORTATION

BRANCH 91 ORDNANCE
91A ORDNANCE, GENERAL
91B MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT
91D MUNITIONS MATERIEL MANAGEMENT
91E EXPLOSIVE ORDNANCE DISPOSAL

BRANCH 92 QUARTERMASTER CORPS
92A QUARTERMASTER, GENERAL
92D AERIAL DELIVERY AND MATERIEL
92F PETROLEUM

FA 24 INFORMATION SYSTEMS ENGINEERING
24A TELECOMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS ENGINEER
24B DATA SYSTEMS ENGINEER
24Z INFORMATION SYSTEMS ENGINEER

FA 30 INFORMATION OPERATIONS (IO)
30A INFORMATION OPERATIONS OFFICER

FA 34 STRATEGIC INTELLIGENCE
34A STRATEGIC INTELLIGENCE OFFICER

FA 35 MILITARY INTELLIGENCE
(USED WITH AOC 15C ONLY)
35D ALL SOURCE INTELLIGENCE
35G SIGNALS INTELLIGENCE ELECTRONIC WARFARE

FA 39 PSYCHOLOGICAL OPERATIONS AND CIVIL AFFAIRS
39A PSYCHOLOGICAL OPERATIONS OR CIVIL AFFAIRS, GENERAL
39B PSYCHOLOGICAL OPERATIONS
39C CIVIL AFFAIRS
39X PSYCHOLOGICAL OPERATIONS AND CIVIL AFFAIRS,
DESIGNATED

FA 40 SPACE OPERATIONS
40A SPACE OPERATIONS

FA 43 HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
43A HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT OFFICER

FA 45 COMPTROLLER
45A COMPTROLLER

FA 46 PUBLIC AFFAIRS
46A PUBLIC AFFAIRS, GENERAL
46B BROADCAST

FA 47 USMA STABILIZED FACULTY

47A USMA, PROFESSOR
47C USMA, PROFESSOR OF ENGLISH
47D USMA, PROFESSOR OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND COMPUTER SCIENCES
47F USMA, PROFESSOR OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERING
47G USMA, PROFESSOR OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES
47H USMA, PROFESSOR OF PHYSICS
47J USMA, PROFESSOR OF SOCIAL SCIENCES
47K USMA, PROFESSOR OF HISTORY
47L USMA, PROFESSOR OF BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES AND LEADERSHIP
47M USMA, PROFESSOR OF CHEMISTRY
47N USMA, PROFESSOR OF MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES
47P USMA, PROFESSOR OF GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
47Q USMA, PROFESSOR AND ASSOCIATE DEAN
47R USMA, PROFESSOR OF CIVIL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
47S USMA, PROFESSOR OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION

FA 48 FOREIGN AREA OFFICER
48B LATIN AMERICA
48C EUROPE
48D SOUTH ASIA
48E EURASIA
48F CHINA
48G MIDEAST/NORTH AFRICA
48H NORTHEAST ASIA
48I SOUTHEAST ASIA
48J AFRICA, SOUTH OF THE SAHARA

FA 49 OPERATIONS RESEARCH/SYSTEMS
ANALYSIS (ORSA)
49A OPERATIONS RESEARCH, GENERAL
49W TRAINED, ORSA
49X UNTRAINED, ORSA

FA 50 FORCE DEVELOPMENT
50A FORCE DEVELOPMENT

FA 51 ACQUISITION
51A SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT
51C CONTRACTING AND INDUSTRIAL MANAGEMENT
51R SYSTEMS AUTOMATION ACQUISITION
51S RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING
51T TEST AND EVALUATION
51Z ACQUISITION

FA 52 NUCLEAR RESEARCH AND OPERATIONS
52B NUCLEAR RESEARCH AND OPERATIONS

FA 53 INFORMATION SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT
53A INFORMATION SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT
53X DESIGNATED SYSTEMS AUTOMATION

FA 57 SIMULATIONS OPERATIONS
57A SIMULATIONS OPERATIONS OFFICER

FA 59 STRATEGIC PLANS AND POLICY
59A STRATEGIC PLANS AND POLICY

FA 90 LOGISTICS
90A LOGISTICS

MFA 70 HEALTH SERVICES
70A HEALTH CARE ADMINISTRATION
70B HEALTH SERVICES ADMINISTRATION
70C HEALTH SERVICES COMPTROLLER
70D HEALTH SERVICES SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT
70E PATIENT ADMINISTRATION
70F HEALTH SERVICES HUMAN RESOURCES
70H HEALTH SERVICES PLANS, OPERATIONS,
INTELLIGENCE, SECURITY, AND TRAINING
70K HEALTH SERVICES MATERIEL

MFA 71 LABORATORY SCIENCES
71A MICROBIOLOGY
71B BIOCHEMISTRY
71E CLINICAL LABORATORY
71F RESEARCH PSYCHOLOGY

MFA 72 PREVENTIVE MEDICINE SCIENCES
72A NUCLEAR MEDICAL SCIENCE
72B ENTOMOLOGY
72C AUDIOLOGY
72D ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
72E SANITARY ENGINEER

MFA 73 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
73A SOCIAL WORK
73B CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY

IMMATERIAL CODES
01A OFFICER GENERALIST
02A COMBAT ARMS GENERALIST
05A ARMY MEDICAL DEPARTMENT

REPORTING CODES
00A DUTIES UNASSIGNED
00B GENERAL OFFICER
00C RELIEVED FROM DUTY, SICK
IN HOSPITAL OR QUARTERS
00D NEWLY COMMISSIONED OFFICERS
AWAITING ENTRY ON ACTIVE DUTY FOR
OFFICER BASIC COURSE ATTENDANCE
00E STUDENT OFFICER

OFFICER SKILL CODES

CODE TITLE
3A JOINT DUTY ASSIGNMENT
3D GOVERNMENT CONTRACT LAW SPECIALIST
3E TACTICAL EXPLOITATION OF NATIONAL
CAPABILITIES (TENCAP)
* 3F NATIONAL SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM
3G CLAIMS/LITIGATION SPECIALIST
3H JOINT PLANNER
* 3J M1A2 ABRAMS TANK
3K JOINT COMMAND, CONTROL AND
COMMUNICATIONS (C3)
3L JOINT SPECIALTY OFFICER
3N INTERNATIONAL LAW SPECIALIST
3Q STRATEGIC DEBRIEFER AND INTERROGATOR
3R FORCE MANAGEMENT
3S UNIT AIR MOVEMENTS OFFICER
3W NSA JUNIOR OFFICER CRYPTOLOGIC
CAREER PROGRAM
* 3X M2 BRADLEY INFANTRY FIGHTING VEHICLE/
M3 CAVALRY FIGHTING VEHICLE
3Y SPACE ACTIVITIES
* 3Z MORTAR UNIT OFFICER
4B OPERATIONS RESEARCH/SYSTEMS ANALYSIS
4H BRANCH AUTOMATION OFFICER
4J POSTAL
4K ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
4M ARMY ACQUISITION CORPS CANDIDATE OFFICER
4P SECURITY ASSISTANCE
4R ROBOTICS
4S ATTACHÉ
4T RECRUITING OFFICER (RO)
4V MORTUARY AFFAIRS OFFICER
* 4W UNDERWATER SPECIAL OPERATIONS
* 4X MILITARY FREE FALL SPECIAL
OPERATIONS
4Z CERTIFIED ARMY ACQUISITION CORPS OFFICER
5B VISUAL INFORMATION
5D RADIO FREQUENCY MANAGER
5H NUCLEAR CHEMICAL TARGET ANALYST
5J TECHNICAL ESCORT
5K INSTRUCTOR
5L NBC RECONNAISSANCE
5N INSPECTOR GENERAL
5P PARACHUTIST
5Q PATHFINDER
* 5R RANGER
* 5S RANGER-PARACHUTIST
5T EQUAL OPPORTUNITY ADVISOR
5U AIR OPERATIONS OFFICER
5V MARINE DIVER
5X HISTORIAN
5Y CIVIL DEFENSE OFFICER
6A DEFENSE SENSOR INTERPRETATION
AND APPLICATION TRAINING PROGRAM
(DSIATP)
6C ECONOMIST
6D PUBLIC EDUCATION OFFICER
6E CIVILIAN SUPPLY OFFICER
6F PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION OFFICER
6G PUBLIC FACILITIES OFFICER
6H PUBLIC SAFETY OFFICER
6M MOBILIZATION AND DEMOBILIZATION
OPERATIONS
6P MASTER FITNESS TRAINER
6R PUBLIC COMMUNICATIONS OFFICER
6U AGRICULTURAL OFFICER
6V CULTURAL AFFAIRS OFFICER
6W ARCHIVIST
6X ARMY RESEARCH ASSOCIATES PROGRAM
6Y INSTALLATION MANAGEMENT (IM)
6Z STRATEGIST
7E CHAPLAIN EDUCATION AND TRAINING
7F PASTORAL COORDINATOR
7H UPPER EXTREMITY MUSCULOSKELETAL EVALUATION
7K MARRIAGE AND FAMILY MINISTRIES
7M CHAPLAIN RESOURCE MANAGER
7Q TRAINING DEVELOPMENT
7R HOSPITAL MINISTRIES
7T CLINICAL NURSE SPECIALIST
8A INTENSIVE CARE
8D MIDWIFERY
8E NURSE PRACTITIONER
8F COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING
8G OBSTETRIC AND GYNECOLOGIC NURSING
8J INFECTION CONTROL
8T BLOOD BANKING
8Z MEDICAL RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, TEST
AND EVALUATION
9A MEDICAL PROFICIENCY (ALL AMEDD CORPS)
9B MEDICAL PROFICIENCY (MC, DC, VC AND AMSC ONLY)
9C MEDICAL PROFICIENCY (MC, DC AND VC ONLY)
9D MEDICAL PROFICIENCY (MC, DC AND VC ONLY)
9E MEDICAL PROFICIENCY (MC AND DC ONLY
9I HEALTH FACILITIES PLANNER
A2 OH-58A/C SCOUT PILOT
A3 OH-58D SCOUT PILOT
A4 OH-58D WARRIOR PILOT
B1 UH-1 PILOT
B2 UH-60 PILOT
B5 EH-60 PILOT
C2 CH-47D PILOT
D2 AH-1Q/S PILOT
D5 AH-64A PILOT
D7 AH-64D PILOT
E3 C-20 PILOT
E5 C-12 PILOT
E6 C-21 PILOT
E7 C-23 PILOT
E8 C-26 PILOT
F3 RC-12 PILOT
F4 RC-12K/N PILOT
F5 O-5A/EO-5B/RC-7 PILOT
G5 EXPERIMENTAL TEST PILOT
G6 MAINTENANCE TEST PILOT
G7 AVIATION RELATED
G8 AVIATION SAFETY OFFICER
* K4 SPECIAL OPERATIONS AVIATION (SOA)
* K5 MH-60K PILOT
* K6 MH-47E PILOT
M1 ORTHOPEDIC PHYSICIAN ASSISTANT
M2 EMERGENCY MEDICINE PHYSICIAN ASSISTANT
M3 AVIATION MEDICINE PHYSICIAN ASSISTANT
M4 CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE
M5 EMERGENCY NURSING
This is for the Army, but if you have knowlege of any branch please let me know.

Despite the economic downturn, these careers are still growing.
These industries project promise-and jobs-for the future, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Occupational Information Network database.

1. Education
Math and science teachers will be in demand as the U.S. struggles to compete with other countries in engineering, technology, and medicine. A growing immigrant population means more English-as-a-second-language classes will be needed.

Postsecondary teachers – Median salary: $56,120 Education: bachelor’s degree and often a master’s or doctorate
Teacher assistants – Median salary: $21,580 Education: some post-secondary education or vocational training
Educational, vocational, and school counselors – Median salary: $49,450 Education: secondary education, associate’s, bachelor’s, or master’s
2. Energy
Some of the jobs in this field are the result of projects started a year or more ago. But the real boost will come from the new administration’s commitment to a more efficient national energy system. “Growth of energy consumption around the world will keep this sector strong,” says Laurence Shatkin, coauthor of 150 Best Recession-Proof Jobs.

Power plant operators – Median salary: $56,640 Education: vocational training and several years of on-the-job training
Insulation workers – Median salary: $31,280 Education: secondary education and vocational training
Electrical power-line installers and repairers – Median salary: $52,570 Education: vocational training and several years of on-the-job training
3. Environment
Green is getting the green light in a nationwide push to make homes and office buildings more energy-efficient and to develop alternative energy sources (solar, wind, nuclear) as well as fuel cell technology. “Anything involved with wind power, either the design or related products, will be big,” says Laurence Stybel.

Environmental scientists – Median salary: $58,380 Education: master’s

Environmental engineers – Median salary: $72,350 Education: bachelor’s

Hydrologists – Median salary: $68,140 Education: master’s

4. Financial Services
Rising from the ashes of a very bad year, financial services have a bright future. Corporate America’s wretched excesses mean more government regulation. Workers who are retiring will need advice on how to make their money last. Small businesses may outsource accounting services. As we get to the middle of the recession, there will be a wave of mergers and acquisitions, Stybel predicts. “People with experience in managing the process-corporate attorneys, investment bankers, and accountants-will be in demand.”

Financial advisers – Median salary: $67,660 Education: bachelor’s
Accountants and auditors – Median salary: $57,060 Education: bachelor’s
Sales agents (securities and commodities) – Median salary: $68,430Education: bachelor’s
5. Government
More than half a million federal employees will retire by 2016, leaving open positions at agencies from the CIA to AmeriCorps to NASA. There will also be opportunities at the state and local levels. “In addition to police work and homeland security, government inspects and regulates many industries,” says Shatkin. “Workers can sometimes capitalize on their experience in an industry by moving into a regulatory job.”

Government property inspectors – Median salary: $48,400 Education: vocational training, associate’s or bachelor’s

Immigration and customs inspectors – Median salary: $59,930 Education: bachelor’s
Urban and regional planners – Median salary: $57,970Education: master’s
6. Health Care
Health care pops up at the top of just about every list of hot careers. All of us are getting older and living longer, sometimes with chronic health conditions. What’s more, health insurance practices may undergo a radical revision during the Obama administration, which has announced plans to address three central issues: coverage, cost, and quality of care. “Health care is a growing industry,” says Bettina Seidman, “and not just for health care professionals. There will also be jobs for secretaries, accountants, and administrators.”

Registered nurses – Median salary: $60,010Education: associate’s or bachelor’s
Dental assistants – Median salary: $31,550Education: secondary education, plus a few months to one year of on-the-job training
Medical records and health information technicians – Median salary: $29,290 Education: associate’s
7. International Business
Corporations, consulting firms, nonprofits, and even governments are going after global markets. People with international expertise, foreign-language skills, or a willingness to move abroad will be in demand. “The global economy is only going to grow,” says John Challenger. “U.S. involvement will expand, short and long term.”

Interpreters and translators – Median salary: $37,490 Education: bachelor’s

International management analysts – Median salary: $71,150 Education: bachelor’s or master’s
Market research analysts – Median salary: $60,300 Education: bachelor’s or master’s
8. Law Enforcment
International terrorism makes daily headlines, and fear of financial insecurity is matched only by concern for our physical safety. “Crime doesn’t go down in a recession,” says Shatkin. “It may even increase.”

Probation officers – Median salary: $44,510 Education: bachelor’s

Court reporters – Median salary: $45,330 Education: postsecondary vocational training
Paralegals – Median salary: $44,990Education: associate’s degree in paralegal studies
9. Technology
New uses of technology in services and products like electronic health records mean that this sector will continue to be strong. “We have just begun to use the Internet as an entertainment medium in publishing, music, and film,” says Peter Weddle.

Computer systems analysts – Median salary: $73,090 Education: bachelor’s
Network systems and data communications analysts – Median salary: $64,600 Education: bachelor’s
Computer, ATM, and office machine repairers – Median salary: $37,100 Education: high school or vocational training
And We’ll Always Be Looking For…
“Think of basic human needs, the things we can’t do without,” says Shatkin. They provide what he calls “little islands” of employment in this economy. For example, he says, we will always need sewage and water treatment. Challenger says the food industry is a core area: “People have to eat, and the global population is increasing.”

In a down economy, people don’t buy new cars-they repair their old ones. People turn to their clergy for comfort. Funeral directors will always have jobs. And since pets are very much a part of the family, veterinarians and veterinary technicians will continue to be in demand.

www.ayubs.weebly.com

Read more on The Garden City Telegram

District livestock Service Jhapa reported the incidence of syndrome similar to be as described as Degnala disease. A total 56 cattle were affected out of which 12 of them died during treatment with antibiotic and other supportive medicine. On field observation in outbreak area all sick animals were having hypernic moist eczematous lesion in all over the body ,and on the tail, thigh, legs , udder ,testicle with normal temperature and apitite.All the animals showing the symptoms were diagnosed as suffering from Endemic Moist Eczematous syndrome and were provided treatment with antidegnala liquor and penta sulphate .

Review of Literatures:

Facial eczema is a disease of sheep and cattle which occurs in warmer districts of the North Island during late summer and autumn and is responsible for serious production losses in some years. It is caused by a fungus, Pithomyces chartarum, which proliferates on dead plant material in pasture under warm, humid conditions. The minute spores of this fungus contain a substance, sporidesmin, which produces severe toxic effects in the liver. The appearance of livers of affected animals varies, according to the severity of the damage, from slight mottling with light patches to gross discoloration, distortion, and atrophy of large areas (Dr Marjorie). Frequently the severely damaged portions are surrounded with new liver tissue. As a result of this damage the functions of the liver are impaired. Blockage of bile ducts may prevent the excretion of waste substances in the bile; for example, accumulation in the fat and skin of bile pigments, derived from the normal breakdown of old red corpuscles, produces the jaundice or yellow staining commonly seen in the carcasses of affected sheep. Of particular importance is the loss of ability to excrete the substance phylloerythrin. This is formed in the digestive tract of ruminants through the degradation of chlorophyll and is absorbed from the intestine and carried to the liver, where it is normally excreted in the bile. If this excretory mechanism is upset, phylloerythrin passes into the bloodstream which supplies the whole of the body( Norman Trevor). Phylloerythrin belongs to a class of flourescent pigments which are capable of making the skin sensitive to sunlight, causing reddening, intense itching, swelling, and scab formation. It is these effects, generally showing on the face of affected animals but also on other unpigmented skin exposed to light, such as the teats and udders of cows, which give rise to the popular name “facial eczema”. These skin effects are, however, secondary to the much more serious impairment of liver function.The fungus, Pithomyces chartarum, grows only on dead or dying plant tissues, not on the living leaf. Hence the amount of the fungus in a pasture is related to some extent to the amount of this dead material, or litter, present. Growth of the fungus, and its production of spores, is strongly influenced by climate and environmental factors. Temperature, humidity, and the time during which the litter remains wet appear to be particularly important. This explains the typical, although not invariable, association of the disease with a period of warm, wet weather, often following a dry spell during which grass growth has ceased and litter has accumulated in the herbage.The toxic substance, sporidesmin, has been isolated from cultures of the fungus and its chemical structure determined. A single dose of one-thousandth of an ounce is sufficient to kill a lamb of about 60 lb live weight. Sporidesmin itself does not appear to accumulate in the liver, but its effects are cumulative, so that repeated small doses are as effective as a single large dose. Even with a single dose, the full sequence of changes takes some time to develop. Hence photosensitisation usually does not occur until 10 to 14 days after the animal received the toxin, and it may be even further delayed. Both the chemical nature of sporidesmin and its effects on tissues present unusual features which have not yet been fully studied.Facial eczema (FE) is a type of sunburn (sometimes called photosensitisation) affecting exposed areas of pale skin of cattle. It is caused by a poisonous substance called “sporidesmin” that causes liver damage. Sporidesmin is produced on pasture plants, including rye grass, by a fungus called Pithomyces chartartum. This fungus is widely distributed and occurs naturally within dead plant material at the base of standing pasture.

FE has been recorded in sheep and cattle on mainland south eastern Australia. Deg Nala disease, which causes necrosis and gangrene of the dependent parts in cattle and buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis ) is known to exist in Indo-Pakistan, as a number of cases were recorded stemming from a monsoon rainwater stream in the area of Murdike (Sheikhpura District), near Nala Deg in Pakistan (Shirlaw 1939). A widespread occurrence of the disease has been reported from rice growing areas of Indo-Pakistan (Irfan, 1971; Kalra et al., 1972; Irfan and MaqboolA, 1986) which caused considerable economic losses.

Signs of disease

The disease may be seen in stock between several days and several weeks following pick-up of sporidesmin from the pasture. The toxin is absorbed from the intestine and reaches the liver, where it causes severe damage to bile ducts and liver cells. All the outward signs of FE result from the liver damage caused by sporidesmin.

The signs of FE range from mild photosensitization (sunburn) to severe jaundice and death, depending on the amount of sporidesmin consumed. Sunburn is the most consistent sign, and usually affects the exposed areas of the skin of the face, ears, teats, and vulva, and areas of skin lacking dark pigmentation, ie. areas covered by white hair. The skin over these areas becomes reddened, and then goes crusty and dark. It eventually peels off leaving large raw areas, which are susceptible to infections. The sunburn is often accompanied by watery swelling of the underlying tissues. Jaundice (yellowing of mucous membranes) is often seen at this stage.Affected animals lose weight rapidly. Most animals recover from the acute phase, but tend to be unthrifty, often taking many months to regain condition. Some never recover, and either die or are culled. In dairy cattle, the udder and teats are often severely affected, and milk production drops sharply. Loss of weight and general illness are often severe, and death, although uncommon, can occur up to months after the initial liver damage occurs. Clinical Symptoms observed are initial dullness, lethargy and anorexia ,Variable onset of jaundice and photosensitization . some animals may die without either being observed ,photosensitization: sheep – non wool skin including muzzle, ears, face, escutcheon cattle – non black pigmented areas including teats, deer – generalized, some animals develop chronic ill-thrift ,some progress to a hepatic encephalopathy dullness, depression tremor, recumbency (Norman Trevor).Animal factors.sheep, cattle, deer susceptible,horses resistant ,evidence for genetic resistance in sheep Plant/environmental factors,fungus grows on the dead leaf litter of pasture ,most frequent pasture is perennial rye grass, but can occur on other species ,requires warmth and humidity to promote rapid fungal growth and sporulation ,typical weather conditions involve autumn break rains after dry summer, several days of consistent warmth (TºC>15.5ºC) and high humidity (>80%) ,fungus concentrates toxin in spores which may be distributed throughout whole pasture sward most toxic part of pasture is base of sward (http://vein.library.usyd.edu.au/links/pact/facialeczema.html) .

Occurrence

Outbreaks typically occur when weather conditions suitable for rapid fungus growth and spore production are combined with abundant dead, recently killed plant material, which favours fungal growth. The fungus requires warm, humid weather and light rain (or irrigation) for growth. This is most likely to be a problem in autumn when the summer has been hot and dry, the pasture well eaten back, and rains fall when the ground is still warm. In such conditions both pasture and grass grow rapidly.

The fungus producing sporidesmin is normally not visible to the naked eye. It multiplies by producing millions of spores which are coated with the toxin sporidesmin. Freshly produced spores are the most toxic; if fungal growth stops after a change in the weather, the residual spores on the pasture lose their toxicity within one or two weeks.The fungus will grow on most pasture plants, but it grows best on perennial ryegrass. It grows in the dead pasture litter at the base of the plants. When the fungus reaches toxic levels, animals grazing short pasture at high stocking rates are at greatest risk ( http://vein.library.usyd.edu.au/links/pact/facialeczema.html) .

Objective of Investigation:

(A) Ascertain the exact cause of the Syndrome.

(B) Evaluation of Mycobiota of rice straw fed to cattle in the area.

(C) Evaluation of Hematological parameters of clinical and post-treated animal.

(D)Evaluation of the treatment with Antidegnala liquor/penta sulphate for systemic mycoses

Clinical Pathology:

Hematological findings of samples from clinical case pre-treatment:

Species of animal RBC WBC PCV% HB

OX 4*10 millionmmc 7.2*10 mm3 23 7.6

C.calf 4.6*10 millionmmc 8.2*10 mm3 28 9.3

C.calf 4*10 millionmmc 7.8*10 mm3 24 8

C.calf 4.5*10 millionmmc 8.2*10 mm3 27 9

Normal 5*10millionmmc 4-12*10mm3 28-42 8.5-13.5

Hematological findings of samples from clinical case post treatment:

Species of animal RBC WBC PCV% HB

Ox 7.2*10 millionmmc 4.6*10mm3 28 9.3

Ox 8.5*10 millionmmc 5*10mm3 30 10

Calf 9*10 millionmmc 5.5*10mm3 33 11

Calf 8.6*10 millionmmc 5*10mm3 30 10

Ox 7.9*10 millionmmc 4.8*10mm3 29 9.6

B.bull 9.5*10 millionmmc 6*10mm3 36 12

Normal 5*10millionmmc 4-12*10mm3 28-42 8.5-13.5

Mycobiota of Straw and fodder forage:

Revealed the growth of fungus Penicillium spp in mycological medium on laboratory culture

Treatment provided

Use of 5% of Anti-Degnala liquor 5-19ml s/c or i/m alternate day 4 times a week has been found to be successful. Alternately orally Penta-sulphate was given.

Result and Discussion:

All animal which were treated with above preparation the eczematous lesion were disappeared within week and animal returned to normal health. Low land marshy landscape of area, moist hot humid tropical climatic condition traditional husbandry practice of feeding rice straw seems to be the source of opportunistic fungal invasion which was evident from the fungal growth in laboratory mycomedia.The increase of total WBC count and decrease in PCV,Hb in blood of clinically ill animal and treatment response indicates that in any incriminated change in weather condition new disease condition is likely too occur in livestock need to be assesed

Conclusion:

The disease is strongly associated with the feeding of rice straw containing multiple dark specks. This observation is concurs with the findings of earlier researchers (Irfan and Maqbool 1986) who reported that fungal infested straw and fungal mats of various species in different combinations, when mixed with fresh non-infested rice straw, produced the disease. Saprophytic fungi infesting rice straw produce mycotoxin possessing vasoconstriction, which produces the lesions of the disease (Irfan et al., 1984). The greater severity of the disease in buffaloes as compared to that in cows may partly be due to the high susceptibility of this species. Therapeutic trials with an antidote (a penta-sulphate mixture) given orally, and a vasodilator (nitroglycerin ointment) applied locally on the lesions effected the highest percentage (90%) cure rate. This cure rate was in a broad agreement with the findings of Schontal (1980) who reported a cure rate of 80% with a penta-sulphate mixture. Same way in this observation it was observed the entire animal which was treated with injection of anti Degnala liquor followed by penta sulphate recovered completely. Same way there was marked increase in total WBC count ,and decrease in PCV and Hb during clinical phase of syndrome on treatment there was marked increase of both PCV and Hb and increase in RBC count and normal WBC count also support that this syndrome was attributed by infestation of fungus on rice straw which was fed to these animals. If proper management of dry forage during rainy season carried out it can minimize the loss due to endemic moist eczematous syndrome. Further more if timely treatment of animal is if initiated with use of anti Degnala liquor or with penta sulphate will minimize the losses need to be looked into

References:

• Facial Eczema :Signs of diseaseOccurrencePrevention and controlTreatmenthttp://www.dpiw.tas.gov.au/inter.nsf/WebPages/JBRN-6X95LG?open – was last published on 16 June 2007 by the Department of Primary Industries and Water.

• Facial eczema (FE) by Dr Marjorie Orr – veterinarian, veterinary pathologist and lifestyle farmer

• FACIAL ECZEMA:Methods of Prevention: by Norman Trevor Clare, M.SC., Chief Bio–chemist, Ruakura Animal Research Station, Hamilton. New Zealand Journal of Agriculture, Vol. 105 (1962), “Further Progress in Facial Eczema Research” Smith, J. D., Clare, N. T., Lees, F. T.

• FACIAL ECZEMA:Sheep and Cattle Disease: by Norman Trevor Clare, M.SC., Chief Bio–chemist, Ruakura Animal Research Station, Hamilton. New Zealand Journal of Agriculture, Vol. 105 (1962), “Further Progress in Facial Eczema Research” Smith, J. D., Clare, N. T., Lees, F. T.

• Facial eczema of sheep and cattle:Robin van der graaff,Attwood May,1998 AGO0822,Information note,Department of primary industries, © The State of Victoria, 1996 – 2007.This document was published on 31/05/2006 12:48:13.

• Facial Eczema Production Animal Clinical Toxicology http://vein.library.usyd.edu.au/links/pact/facialeczema.html 2008 feb 24.

• ARORA, S. P. (1980): Use of radioactive selenium for studies on Deg Nala disease. J. Nuclear Agri. Biol. 9, 11-13.

• IRFAN, M. (1971): The clinical picture and pathology of Deg Nala disease in buffaloes. Vet. Rec. 88, 422-424.

• IRFAN, M., A. MAQBOOL (1986): Studies on Deg Nala disease in cattle and buffaloes. Pak. Vet. J. 6, 87-93.

• IRFAN, M., A. MAQBOOL, M. ASHFAQUE (1984): Importance of moulds, fungi and mycotoxin in food and feeds. Pak. Vet. J. 4, 187-192.

• KALRA, D. S., K. C. BHATIA, O. P. GAUTAM, M. V. S. CHAUHAN (1972): An obscure disease (possibly Deg Nala disease) in buffaloes and cattle. Studies on its epizootiolgy, pathology and etiology. Haryana Agri. Univ. J. Res. 2, 256-264.

• SHIRLAW, J. E. (1939): Deg Nala disease of buffaloes. An account of the lesions and essential pathology. Indian Vet. Sci. Anim. Husb. 9, 853-864.

• SCHOENTAL, R. (1980): Save your animals from Deg Nala disease. J. Nuclear Agri. Biol. 92, 27-28.

Acknowledgements:

I like to make my Acknowledgements To Dr.Poornima Manandhar SVO/Chief of Central Vet.Laboratory,Dr Dilip Sapkota Svo/Chief of District Livestock Service Jhapa for their contribution in collection of required sanples and information during disease outbreak and follow up treatment.As well I like to Acknowledge to Mr Prakash Devkota,Mr.Bal Bahadur Kunwar Vet.Tech C.V.L and Mr.Yam B.Subba Vet.Tech. D.L.S.O JHAPA for their help in respective field and laboratory work

District livestock Service Jhapa reported the incidence of syndrome similar to be as described as Degnala disease. A total 56 cattle were affected out of which 12 of them died during treatment with antibiotic and other supportive medicine. On field observation  in outbreak area all sick animals were having hypernic moist eczematous lesion in all over the body ,and on the tail, thigh, legs , udder ,testicle with normal temperature and apitite.All the animals showing the symptoms were diagnosed as suffering from Endemic Moist Eczematous syndrome and were provided treatment with antidegnala liquor and penta sulphate .

Review of Literatures:

Facial eczema is a disease of sheep and cattle which occurs in warmer districts of the North Island during late summer and autumn and is responsible for serious production losses in some years. It is caused by a fungus, Pithomyces chartarum, which proliferates on dead plant material in pasture under warm, humid conditions. The minute spores of this fungus contain a substance, sporidesmin, which produces severe toxic effects in the liver. The appearance of livers of affected animals varies, according to the severity of the damage, from slight mottling with light patches to gross discoloration, distortion, and atrophy of large areas (Dr Marjorie). Frequently the severely damaged portions are surrounded with new liver tissue. As a result of this damage the functions of the liver are impaired. Blockage of bile ducts may prevent the excretion of waste substances in the bile; for example, accumulation in the fat and skin of bile pigments, derived from the normal breakdown of old red corpuscles, produces the jaundice or yellow staining commonly seen in the carcasses of affected sheep. Of particular importance is the loss of ability to excrete the substance phylloerythrin. This is formed in the digestive tract of ruminants through the degradation of chlorophyll and is absorbed from the intestine and carried to the liver, where it is normally excreted in the bile. If this excretory mechanism is upset, phylloerythrin passes into the bloodstream which supplies the whole of the body( Norman Trevor). Phylloerythrin belongs to a class of flourescent pigments which are capable of making the skin sensitive to sunlight, causing reddening, intense itching, swelling, and scab formation. It is these effects, generally showing on the face of affected animals but also on other unpigmented skin exposed to light, such as the teats and udders of cows, which give rise to the popular name “facial eczema”. These skin effects are, however, secondary to the much more serious impairment of liver function.The fungus, Pithomyces chartarum, grows only on dead or dying plant tissues, not on the living leaf. Hence the amount of the fungus in a pasture is related to some extent to the amount of this dead material, or litter, present. Growth of the fungus, and its production of spores, is strongly influenced by climate and environmental factors. Temperature, humidity, and the time during which the litter remains wet appear to be particularly important. This explains the typical, although not invariable, association of the disease with a period of warm, wet weather, often following a dry spell during which grass growth has ceased and litter has accumulated in the herbage.The toxic substance, sporidesmin, has been isolated from cultures of the fungus and its chemical structure determined. A single dose of one-thousandth of an ounce is sufficient to kill a lamb of about 60 lb live weight. Sporidesmin itself does not appear to accumulate in the liver, but its effects are cumulative, so that repeated small doses are as effective as a single large dose. Even with a single dose, the full sequence of changes takes some time to develop. Hence photosensitisation usually does not occur until 10 to 14 days after the animal received the toxin, and it may be even further delayed. Both the chemical nature of sporidesmin and its effects on tissues present unusual features which have not yet been fully studied.Facial eczema (FE) is a type of sunburn (sometimes called photosensitisation) affecting exposed areas of pale skin of cattle. It is caused by a poisonous substance called “sporidesmin” that causes liver damage. Sporidesmin is produced on pasture plants, including rye grass, by a fungus called Pithomyces chartartum. This fungus is widely distributed and occurs naturally within dead plant material at the base of standing pasture.

FE has been recorded in sheep and cattle on mainland south eastern Australia. Deg Nala disease, which causes necrosis and gangrene of the dependent parts in cattle and buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis ) is known to exist in Indo-Pakistan, as a number of cases were recorded stemming from a monsoon rainwater stream in the area of Murdike (Sheikhpura District), near Nala Deg in Pakistan (Shirlaw 1939). A widespread occurrence of the disease has been reported from rice growing areas of Indo-Pakistan (Irfan, 1971; Kalra et al., 1972; Irfan and MaqboolA, 1986) which caused considerable economic losses.

Signs of disease

The disease may be seen in stock between several days and several weeks following pick-up of sporidesmin from the pasture. The toxin is absorbed from the intestine and reaches the liver, where it causes severe damage to bile ducts and liver cells. All the outward signs of FE result from the liver damage caused by sporidesmin.

The signs of FE range from mild photosensitization (sunburn) to severe jaundice and death, depending on the amount of sporidesmin consumed. Sunburn is the most consistent sign, and usually affects the exposed areas of the skin of the face, ears, teats, and vulva, and areas of skin lacking dark pigmentation, ie. areas covered by white hair. The skin over these areas becomes reddened, and then goes crusty and dark. It eventually peels off leaving large raw areas, which are susceptible to infections. The sunburn is often accompanied by watery swelling of the underlying tissues. Jaundice (yellowing of mucous membranes) is often seen at this stage.Affected animals lose weight rapidly. Most animals recover from the acute phase, but tend to be unthrifty, often taking many months to regain condition. Some never recover, and either die or are culled. In dairy cattle, the udder and teats are often severely affected, and milk production drops sharply. Loss of weight and general illness are often severe, and death, although uncommon, can occur up to months after the initial liver damage occurs. Clinical Symptoms observed are initial dullness, lethargy and anorexia ,Variable onset of jaundice and photosensitization . some animals may die without either being observed ,photosensitization: sheep – non wool skin including muzzle, ears, face, escutcheon cattle – non black pigmented areas including teats, deer – generalized, some animals develop chronic ill-thrift ,some progress to a hepatic encephalopathy dullness, depression tremor, recumbency (Norman Trevor)

Epidemiology:

Animal factors.sheep, cattle, deer susceptible,horses resistant ,

Plant/environmental factors,fungus grows on the dead leaf litter of pasture ,most frequent pasture is perennial rye grass, but can occur on other species ,requires warmth and humidity to promote rapid fungal growth and sporulation ,typical weather conditions involve autumn break rains after dry summer, several days of consistent warmth (TºC>15.5ºC) and high humidity (>80%) ,fungus concentrates toxin in spores which may be distributed throughout whole pasture sward most toxic part of pasture is base of sward .

Occurrence

Outbreaks typically occur when weather conditions suitable for rapid fungus growth and spore production are combined with abundant dead, recently killed plant material, which favours fungal growth. The fungus requires warm, humid weather and light rain (or irrigation) for growth. This is most likely to be a problem in autumn when the summer has been hot and dry, the pasture well eaten back, and rains fall when the ground is still warm. In such conditions both pasture and grass grow rapidly.

The fungus producing sporidesmin is normally not visible to the naked eye. It multiplies by producing millions of spores which are coated with the toxin sporidesmin. Freshly produced spores are the most toxic; if fungal growth stops after a change in the weather, the residual spores on the pasture lose their toxicity within one or two weeks.

The fungus will grow on most pasture plants, but it grows best on perennial ryegrass. It grows in the dead pasture litter at the base of the plants. When the fungus reaches toxic levels, animals grazing short pasture at high stocking rates are at greatest risk.

Objective of Investigation:

 (A) Ascertain the exact cause of the Syndrome.

(B) Evaluation of Mycobiota of rice straw fed to cattle in the area.

(C) Evaluation of Hematological parameters of clinical and post-treated animal.

(D)Evaluation of the treatment with Antidegnala liquor/penta sulphate for systemic mycoses

Dry skin with moist lesion in thigh region of cattle(1)

Clinical Pathology: clinical picture

Generalized hyperemic moist eczema (2)

Hyperemic moist eczematous lesion on face and neck(3)

Hematological findings of samples from clinical case pre-treatment:

Species of animal

RBC

WBC

PCV%

HB

OX

4*10 millionmmc

7.2*10 mm3

23

7.6

C.calf

4.6*10 millionmmc

8.2*10 mm3

28

9.3

C.calf

4*10 millionmmc

7.8*10 mm3

24

8

C.calf

4.5*10 millionmmc

8.2*10 mm3

27

9

Normal

5*10millionmmc

4-12*10mm3

28-42

8.5-13.5

Hematological findings of samples from clinical case post treatment:

Species of animal

RBC

WBC

PCV%

HB

Ox

7.2*10 millionmmc

4.6*10mm3

28

9.3

Ox

8.5*10 millionmmc

5*10mm3

30

10

Calf

9*10 millionmmc

5.5*10mm3

33

11

Calf

8.6*10 millionmmc

5*10mm3

30

10

Ox

7.9*10 millionmmc

4.8*10mm3

29

9.6

B.bull

9.5*10 millionmmc

6*10mm3

36

12

Normal

5*10millionmmc

4-12*10mm3

28-42

8.5-13.5

Mycobiota of Straw and fodder forage:

Revealed the growth of fungus Penicillium spp in mycological medium on laboratory culture

Treatment provided

Use of 5% of Anti-Degnala liquor 5-19ml s/c or i/m alternate day 4 times a week has been found to be successful. Alternately orally use of Penta-sulphate were given.

Conclusion:

The disease is strongly associated with the feeding of rice straw containing multiple dark specks. This observation is concurs with the findings of earlier researchers (Irfan and Maqbool 1986) who reported that fungal infested straw and fungal mats of various species in different combinations, when mixed with fresh non-infested rice straw, produced the disease. Saprophytic fungi infesting rice straw produce mycotoxin possessing vasoconstriction, which produces the lesions of the disease (Irfan et al., 1984). The greater severity of the disease in buffaloes as compared to that in cows may partly be due to the high susceptibility of this species. Therapeutic trials with an antidote (a penta-sulphate mixture) given orally, and a vasodilator (nitroglycerin ointment) applied locally on the lesions effected the highest percentage (90%) cure rate. This cure rate was in a broad agreement with the findings of Schontal (1980) who reported a cure rate of 80% with a penta-sulphate mixture. Same way in this observation it was observed the entire animal which was treated with injection of anti Degnala liquor followed by penta sulphate recovered completely. Same way there was marked increase in total WBC count ,and decrease in PCV and Hb during clinical phase of syndrome on treatment there was marked increase of both PCV and Hb and increase in RBC count and normal WBC count also support that this syndrome was attributed by infestation of fungus on rice straw which was fed to these animals. If proper management of dry forage during rainy season carried out it can minimize the loss due to endemic moist eczematous syndrome. Further more if timely treatment of  animal is if initiated with use of anti Degnala liquor or with penta sulphate will minimize the losses need to be looked into

References:

·        Facial Eczema :  last published on 16 June 2007 by the Department of Primary Industries and Water. ·        Facial eczema (FE) by Dr Marjorie Orr – veterinarian, veterinary pathologist and lifestyle farmer

·         FACIAL ECZEMA:Methods of Prevention: by Norman Trevor Clare, M.SC., Chief Bio–chemist, Ruakura Animal Research Station, Hamilton. New Zealand Journal of Agriculture, Vol. 105 (1962), “Further Progress in Facial Eczema Research” Smith, J. D., Clare, N. T., Lees, F. T.

·         FACIAL ECZEMA:Sheep and Cattle Disease: by Norman Trevor Clare, M.SC., Chief Bio–chemist, Ruakura Animal Research Station, Hamilton. New Zealand Journal of Agriculture, Vol. 105 (1962), “Further Progress in Facial Eczema Research” Smith, J. D., Clare, N. T., Lees, F. T.

·        Facial eczema of sheep and cattle:Robin van der graaff,Attwood May,1998 AGO0822,Information note,Department of primary industries, © The State of Victoria, 1996 – 2007.This document was published on 31/05/2006 12:48:13.

·        Facial Eczema Production Animal Clinical Toxicology ·        ARORA, S. P. (1980): Use of radioactive selenium for studies on Deg Nala disease. J. Nuclear Agri. Biol. 9, 11-13.

·        IRFAN, M. (1971): The clinical picture and pathology of Deg Nala disease in buffaloes. Vet. Rec. 88, 422-424.

·        IRFAN, M., A. MAQBOOL (1986): Studies on Deg Nala disease in cattle and buffaloes. Pak. Vet. J. 6, 87-93.

·        IRFAN, M., A. MAQBOOL, M. ASHFAQUE (1984): Importance of moulds, fungi and mycotoxin in food and feeds. Pak. Vet. J. 4, 187-192.

·        KALRA, D. S., K. C. BHATIA, O. P. GAUTAM, M. V. S. CHAUHAN (1972): An obscure disease (possibly Deg Nala disease) in buffaloes and cattle. Studies on its epizootiolgy, pathology and etiology. Haryana Agri. Univ. J. Res. 2, 256-264.

·        SHIRLAW, J. E. (1939): Deg Nala disease of buffaloes. An account of the lesions and essential pathology. Indian Vet. Sci. Anim. Husb. 9, 853-864. ·        SCHOENTAL, R. (1980): Save your animals from Deg Nala disease. J. Nuclear Agri. Biol. 92, 27-28.

Acknowledgements:

 I like to make my Acknowledgements To Dr.Poornima Manandhar SVO/Chief of Central Vet.Laboratory,Dr Dilip Sapkota Svo/Chief of District Livestock Service Jhapa for their contribution in collection of required sanples and information during disease outbreak and follow up treatment.As well I like to Acknowledge to Mr Prakash Devkota,Mr.Bal Bahadur Kunwar Vet.Tech C.V.L and Mr.Yam B.Subba Vet.Tech. D.L.S.O JHAPA for their help in respective field and laboratory work

An adult alpaca (Lama pacos) had a locally extensive area of hepatic atrophy involving the right lobe. Grossly, the atrophic lobe was light tan and firm and contained small, raised, white to yellow, partially mineralized circular nodules predominantly at the periphery of the atrophic tissue. Microscopically, viable hepatocytes were not present in the atrophic area, and the tissue consisted of diffuse biliary epithelial proliferation without any evidence of nuclear or cellular atypia or the presence of mitotic figures. The circular mineralized nodules consisted of granulomatous inflammation with intralesional parasitic ova surrounded by fibrous connective tissue. Morphologically, the ova were compatible with those of Fasciola hepatica.Alongwith ova of Trichostorgylus spp,Cooperia spp,Chabertia spp,Trichuris spp,Oesophagostomum spp was recorded from faeces of Lama Alpaca .The severe biliary hyperplasia was unusual, and it was not clear whether it was caused by an aberrant host response to the parasitic infection or whether it was an unrelated event.

Key words: Alpacas; biliary hyperplasia; Fasciola hepatica; Lama Pacos; liver flukes, Gastroinstinal helminthes, Nepal.

General background History:

Although Alpaca Lama is not native to Nepal .Some foreigner had brought it from Germany for personal interest for breeding out of 15 animal inherd.The affected animal was an adult castrated male alpaca of unknown age .The carcass was in poor nutritional state, and was ill since last week treated with routine antibiotics and supportive therapy and died during course of treatment .On postmortem examination the most significant gross lesions were present in the liver. The right lobe of the organ was markedly atrophic (approximately 30% of normal size), light tan, and firm and contained numerous small circular foci (up to 4 mm in diameter) on both the diaphragmatic and visceral surfaces .These foci were predominantly present at the periphery of the atrophic lobe and were white to yellow and raised above the capsular surface, with firm to hard consistency. Cut sections of these foci revealed partially calcified material. Similar but fewer of these foci were also seen in other parts of the liver .Multifocal irregular pale white foci were observed on the dorsal aspects of the diaphragmatic lung lobes. With about 40-50 adult Fasciola parasite were present in bile duct.The circular nodules seen on gross examination consisted of a peripheral area of dense fibrous connective tissue surrounding a central region of partially mineralized cellular debris. Variable numbers of partially degenerate parasitic ova were present in the core of some of the nodules .The ova were approximately 60–90 x 130–150 µm and were morphologically compatible with ova of Fasciola hepatica.On Coprological examination of feaces from large and small intestine revealed ova of Trichostorgylus spp,Cooperia spp,Chabertia spp,Trichuris spp,Oesophagostomum spp was recorded.

Review of literatures:

Pathology of the liver is not a commonly recognized problem in South American camelids, and only a limited number of etiologic agents are known to specifically affect the liver in these species. Here, we describe locally extensive hepatic atrophy with diffuse biliary hyperplasia and multifocal granulomatous hepatitis associated with ova of liver flukes in an alpaca (Lama pacos).

Although liver disease in South American camelids is not common, a number of examples of hepatic pathology have been reported, including metabolic, toxic, infectious (parasitic, bacterial, fungal, viral), and neoplastic conditions. Among the parasitic infections, liver flukes (F. hepatica, F. gigantica), immature cysts of tapeworms (Echinococcus granulosus, Taenia helicometra, T. hydatigena), and larval stages of nematodes (Lamanema chavezi) spp have been reported as etiologic agents.and ova of Trichostorgylus spp,Cooperia spp,Chabertia spp,Trichuris spp,Oesophagostomum spp also being causative agent of this condition.

F. hepatica infections have been identified in a wide range of species, including the cow, sheep, horse, goat, dog, cat, rabbit, guinea pig, squirrel, deer, beaver, pig, and human. Fascioliasis has also been recognized in the llama and alpaca, both as a primary problem and as an incidental infection. Although there are no published reports of liver flukes in guanaco, F. hepatica has been identified as a significant problem in the phylogenetically related vicuña in a semicaptive research program in Argentina. Experimental infections in the llama have demonstrated that the prepatent period of 8–12 weeks is similar to that observed in other species and that uncontrolled infection can result in death.

F. hepatica is endemic in the area where the alpaca had resided. The clinical presentation of F. hepatica infections in South American camelids is highly variable and quantitively related to the level of infection. Animals infected with a low number of parasites frequently show no clinical evidence of disease, whereas heavily parasitized animals most commonly present with symptoms of anorexia and lethargy.

In South and North America, both acute and chronic forms of liver fluke infections have been reported in these animals, although the chronic form is most commonly observed. In this form, the flukes cause blockage of bile ducts and incite extensive fibrosis in the liver. In the affected alpaca, the findings were markedly different. The fibrotic response was minimal in the area of biliary hyperplasia but was extensive around the areas of granuloma formation. The most prominent lesion was an extensive area of biliary hyperplasia and multifocal granulomas containing parasitic ova.

The gross nodular lesions in the liver of this alpaca were also similar to the lesions caused by Lamanema chavezi, which is an important parasite in South American camelids that has not been reported outside of South America.4 Although grossly the hepatic lesions in animals infected with L. chavezi are multifocal and partially calcified (similar to the lesions in the affected alpaca), the microscopic findings are different (i.e., intralesional parasitic ova are not seen within the partially calcified nodules).

Although the host response to the parasitic eggs was unusual, the parasitic ova in this affected alpaca were determined to be those of F. hepatica, and the strange liver tissue reaction was attributed to individual biologic variation of the alpaca. Some may argue that the hyperplastic biliary change was the result of a blockage of a large bile duct, but no such lesion was identified at gross examination. Similarly, the hyperplasia could be attributed to an unidentified hepatotoxic agent(s). However, the biliary hyperplasia was confined to the right lobe, and the likelihood of toxins affecting a locally extensive area of liver is remote.

Conclusion Recommendation:

Although Lama Alpaca is not native to Nepal there is very little information is available regarding this species .Finding of this observation may be considered as reference for disease and parasites of introduction of any exotic animal. A detail study in this regard should be looked into

References

1.A. N. Hamir and B. B. Smith Brief Communications and Case Reports Severe Biliary Hyperplasia Associated with Liver Fluke Infection in an Adult Alpaca Vet Pathol 39:592-594 (2002) © 2002 American College of Veterinary Pathologists

2.Anderson DE: Liver diseases of camelids. Proc North Am Vet Conf 1998:1053-1054, 1998

3.Cafrune MM, Rebuffi GE, Gaido AB, Aguirre DH: Fasciola hepatica in semi-captive vicuñas (Vicugna vicugna) in northwest Argentina. Vet Rec 139:97, 1996

4.Cornic JL: Gastric squamous cell carcinoma and fascioliasis in a llama. Cornell Vet 78:235-241, 1988

5.Fowler ME: Unique parasitism of South American camelids in North and South America. J Camel Pract Res 4:257-260, 1997

6.Fowler ME: Parasites. In: Medicine and Surgery of South American Camelids, pp 195-230, Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA 1998

7.Hamir AN, Andreasen CB, Pearson EG: Endogenous lipid pneumonia (alveolar histiocytosis) and hydrocephalus in an adult llama (Lama glama). Vet Rec 141:474-476, 1997

8.Jones CT, Hunt RD, King NW: Diseases caused by parasitic helminths and arthropods. In: Veterinary Pathology, pp 601-680, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD 1997

9.Puente GL: Acute and subacute fascioliasis of alpacas (Lama pacos) and treatment with triclabendazole. Trop Anim Health Prod 29:31-32, 1997

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11.Rickard LG, Foreyt WJ: Experimental fascioliasis in llamas. J Helminthol Soc Wash 59:140-144, 1992

1.Abstract:

Early embryonic development needs detailed investigations if we have to reduce embryonic mortality. Embryonic mortality details have been reviewed (wani, 2005). The reproductive abnormalities have been discussed and a sequential photographic presentation of embryonic mortality have recently been published (Khatoon et al 2007). The critical period when maximum embryonic losses go unnoticed is the period before attachment. Losses before actual union of foeto-maternal tissues can be missed and calculations of embryonic mortality estimates remain unaccounted for. Some recent studies of (Wani 2006, Khatoon et al 2006) have paved a new innovative model for investigation on foeto-maternal development and its attachment. This paper describes the detailed embryonic development, blastocyst elongation, formation of cotyledons within elongated blastocyst, their ramifications and networking of vasculature and formation of foetal placental unit. Conversely, a detailed photographic evidence of uterine receptivity, formation of a multicoated immunological barrier- the beginning of foeto- maternal- barrier mechanism along with caruncle formation, uterine milk formation and finally union of cotyledous with caruncles has been photographically documented.
2.Introduction:

Second and 3rd generation animal biotechnologies as reviewed (Wani, 2005) are multiple ovulation, embryo-transfer, preservation, cloning, micromanipulation splitting of embryos and nuclear transfer. The 4th Generation reproductive technologies have advance beyond our imagination and now we do have transgenic goats giving milk rich in insulin. (Wani 2007). The stem cell technology, embryonic cell culture, pronuclear micro-injection along with sperm-mediated, transgenesis have been in use and are precisely reviewed and discussed (Wani 2005, 2007).

The application of this advancement for diagnostic, therapeutic and economic uses especially its transfer to human medicine or for field application in animal industry needs further research and evaluation.

The another fact which can be of importance is the number of cells per embryos. During first day these may be two cells but after 8 days the cell number increases to 120 or more. It takes 32 hours for the oocyst after fertilization to reach the two cell embryo. Another 13 hours are needed to develop it into a four cell embryo. In another 15 hours 8 cell stages is reached. It is from here onwards that it takes 30 hours for a embryo to be converted into a Morula. This has been one of the most critical periods of embryonic development in ovine. A genematic diagram of various stages of follical maturation of oocytes development and further development has been reported (Wani 2005a) figure from web site is also show that the protein content after fertilization of 16 day old embryo increased by 7500 times. Morphologically the embryo size varies from spherical ovid to elongate after day 13th past coitus. New protein synthesis per unit of embryo is maximum during 8-13th day old embryos. Similarly phosphorylation per unit of embryo is also ten times more in 8 day old embryos than the later stages. Glucose and lactose production increased up to day 16th and the maximum metabolic weight is up to 14th day past coitus. For increased productive synthesis, aminoacid requirements are made, through production of allanic and glutonic acids by the embryos. The matobolic products get rid of amines. The signal transduction from maternal to foetal controls have been discussed (Moris et al 2001).
3. Dominant follicle dynamics

The new animal , products, medico-Veterinary packages, profitable genetic (trait) improved DNA Chips, more resistance giving gene make ups shall have a new role in future. For the next coming super advanced technology driven century, we must be prepared to use the 4th generation technologies for animal Welfare and Protective mechanisms. We thought and used Laparoscopy and ultrasonography 30 year ago (Wani et al, 1979, Wani 1981,1982), which has now become a “buzz” word and further sophisticated and modernized by my students across the world (Aggarwal, 2006, Wani, 2006). Our concept of DNA finger printing of cashmere goats in 1990’s (Khatlani et al, 1995) has now crossed the barriers of technology advancement. Today, in these pages, we shall be presenting our own results on

1. Embryonic development, formation of cotyledons, blactocyst development ramification of vascular system, net working of blood vessels to form initial placenta, their union and attachment processes. We shall describe morphological physiological, endocrinology, histochemical and receptor analysis to support our observations. This is 5th generation reproductive technology base for development of in-vitro-foeto models.

For 6th – 10th generation reproductive scientists we shall present theoretical hypothesis a vision -2050 in the form of.

2. Use of stem-cell, germ-cell and Nano- technologies for production of disease free, highly prolific reproductive gametes, their preservation and conservation. The use of these and other molecular and new-generation DNA-related bio-diagnostics shall also be discussed.

4. Uterine morphological changes:

The early pregnancy uterine morphological land marks were described only externally per rectum in bovine (Zamznis, 1976) some of its significant features have been summarized in a booklet (Wani, 1986). It describes easy palpable signs of early pregnancy in bovine and compares its observations with equines, sheep and goats. Some of the earliest indications of pregnancy by physical examination were:

i) Presence of corpus luteum of pregnancy early 15 day post-coitus

ii) Asymmetry of uterine horns 30-35 days post coitus

iii) Fluctuation around 40-49 days in cattle. Thereafter the advanced pregnancy signs like foetal membrance feel and slips. Palpation of placentomes and full foetal are known foetal membrane .

Various developments of foetal signs have been described (Wani, 1986) . The month wise morphological assessment of foetus in sheep has been reported (Mufti, 1995, Mufti et al, 1997) . Various reviews reports and books now describe events in development of foetus (Wani, 2005, 2006, 2007).
5. Development of conceptus-in vitro foetus

Pregnancy is an intimate association between mother and foetus. The protective covering on maternal caruncles and over wrap of foetal cotyledons with Blastocyst membranes, transformed into foetal membranes give the “Homograph” status to foetus. The mechanism of ruminant uteri has been discussed (Gray et 2002). Its more recent findings and attachments are the topic of one of our students.

We have tried to univel many obscure mechanism on blastocyst formation, plancentation and development of cotyledons. The protective mucin coverings over uterine caruncles and their union with cotyledons has been snaped.

The internal changes have been correlated with biochemical, morphological and histochemical and histoanatomic feature of the gravid and non-gravid uteri.
6. Foeto-maternal interaction:

The estrogen, progesterone in foetal and maternal blood have been estimated along with estrogen progesterone receptor concentrations in the pregnancy and non pregnant states.

Endometrial receptivity has been discussed (Huct-Hudson, et al 1989, Wani 1996, Wani, 2003, 205, 2006). Proliferation of uterine cells is influenced by E2 and P4. These hormones have their receptors in uteri called as E2 (ER) , P4 (PR) receptors (Lee and Demyo 2004) we have also investigated the same and are being analysed. Our studies indicate certain changes which project a new mechanism of foeto-maternal unions (Khatoon and Wani, 2007).

Various growth factors described (Wani 2006) may be helpful in future for invitro-foetal growth.
7. Reproductive management

The reproductive management strategies to enhance meat production could safely be divided into two kinds:

i. Traditional management: Animal are still managed under zero- input/ migratory /tribal or extensive management system. The application of above described methods will be limited. They may indirectly help in this system by better sire availability.

ii. Modern management: Zero-grazing, stall-fed or semi-intensive, commercial goat farming system may use the above methods more and more to produce high quality germplasm. They may use variety of improved reproductive technique or reported (Wani,1996; Wani et al., 200a; Wani et al., 1998; Mufti et al., 1997; Wani and Sahani, 1981; Wani et al., 1986, 1987, 1988; Wani and Buchoo, 1991; Buchoo and Wani, 1991; Wani, 1989, Wani, 1995; Wani, 1984a and b; Wani and Sahani, 1980a).
8. Enhancement of fertility

Desired fertility objectives have been discussed (Wani, 2001). Increased prolificacy, early rebreeding, safe/clean parturition, set-time animal crop, elite gene introduction are some of the desired fertility enhancement goals. The constraints in achieving desired objectives in small ruminant livestock sector are the problems of inbreeding, reproductive losses (Wani, et al., 1980; 1981; 1994), pre-pubertal mating, indiscriminate or illicit mating, venereal diseases, nutritional and other stresses. These above referred factors reduce fertility status of our ruminants especially under transhumane migratory systems.

These constraints mentioned could overcome by adopting enhancement strategies (Wani, 2001), which include exchange of sires by tribal, Gujjar, Bakarwals and Chopans to reduce inbreeding. This could be ensured through legislature or forced castrations and introduction of sires from outside the flock. The pregnancy detection methods described (Wani, 1981) and later on used extensive in J&K under farm condition (Wani et al., 1998; Wani, 1989) needs adoption as a routine in each flock for better care of offspring and dam.
9. Corpora luteal biosensitivity.

Corpus luteum growth and development is the first earliest pregnancy signal along with maternal recognition factors discussed (Wani, 1996). The corpus luteum development and receptivity to PGF2 alpha is now known. The ascending and descending corpora lutea are insensitive to PGF2 alpha. What makes them insensitive and what resurges their sensitivity need exploration. May be in future, CL insensitivity might have direct effects on survival of the conceptus. Does conceptus make CL more sensitive to PGF2 alpha? Or in other words, does the gravid CL and non-gravid CL behave similarly or differently to PGF2 alpha. Many such questions vis-à-vis the ovarian morphology, uterine environment and behavioral patterns need to be studied and co-related to develop a manipulative and curative safe system. In some species CL of pregnancy is necessary till delivery, in others it is needed only till placenta develops. Its complete genesis and biostimulation and bioregulatory roles are obscure and needs further research.
10. Dominant follicle dynamics

The dominant follicle dynamics may be in focus for ovulation control. Dominant follicle or would be bride at each ovulation appears around day 7 of cycle in women. It occurs much earlier on day- 1 to 0 in ruminants (cow, sheep,goats). This time point may be the focus to try future selective interferences in ovulation control. Antagonist use during this phase has shown decreasing levels of estrogens in serum thereby indirectly hinting at dominant follicle alteration, as it is one of chief source of this hormone during this phase (Fraser, 1987). Dominant follicle in its sojourn to freedom and release at ovulation seems to attain some specific qualities. Why? It alone releases itself from bondages in ovary (ovulation) and rest of its competitors are hindered through the process as atretic follicles. What make this dominant follicle to attain these qualities among a vast pool of follicles needs further study. In coming 50 years one shall possibly understand and interlock a pre-determined messenger system triggering dominance in one or few follicles destined to become the new offspring of that species. This system when decoded shall offer new opportunities in controlling ovulation both for contraception (women) or augmentation (animals). New genepool of dominant follicles from dead high yielding animal ovaries would help to propagate and multiply the elite.

Over stimulatory effect during superovulation could be avoided by use of antagonists, as dominant follicles seem to evade suppression, thus follicular selection will prevent excessive stimulation and cystic follicles. Follicular fluid constituents containing occyte awaiting for biochemical signals to resume (meiosis ) growth and development to ensure timely and healthy ovulation need more exploration (Lenton et al., 1988). The specific signals triggering occyte release might help in in vitro occyte maturation success rate.

11. Development of conceptus-in vitro foetus

The lean meat production needs more studies on development of conceptus. The prenatal development undergoes in three stages. The early pregnancy signals, skeletal & nervous tissue growth, on priority. During mid-gestation the hind and fore-limbs develop. During late gestation muscular development along with peripheral extremities including hair develop. In order to increase lean meat production, research in needed to investigate relations between hard and soft tissues. Maternal and foetal interactions needs a probe. Some basic studies (Mufti, 1996) indicated prospects of manipulating lean meat production (Wani, 2001, 2002 a) by bio-stimulators during late gestation, which may help, the production of muscular lambs/kids at birth, besides, increasing birth weight. More details have been described (Wani, 2001, 2002a) Fig.1-5). More studies in future are needed to reveal the exact mechanism involved in critical transition of power control from maternal to embryonic genome. Application of recent techniques of reverse transcription, PCR and others may reveal the details (Schultz et al., 1990).

12. Slaughter house follicle pool

A good number of our endangered species die where climatic conditions are hard and harsh. Under temperate climatic conditions dead bodies are entrapped in snow for long. It gives a hope to revive their follicular pool. Our studies on resumption of life using follicles from slaughtered sheep and fertilizing them with epididymal semen was an pioneering attempt in this direction (Wani, 1996) (Fig 6-8). The protein content of unfertilized ovum is around 100 mg in rabbit, 27 mg in mouse (Brinister, 1967, 1971). The small genetic material needs extensive analysis to unveil vast informations in its codans and anticodans. Further ovum maturation or resumption of meiosis is initiated during birth or shortly before birth and thus the pool of follicles remains fixed at birth. Therefore, foetal ovary has to be the subject of further manipulations especially in view of its immunological insensitivity (Guraya, 1985).
13. Gamete biosafety

Bacterial counts in semen in unprecedented numbers effect semen fertility (Kher, and Dholokia, 1985), The contaminational hazards have increased due to environmental pollution, water and air contamination. Above all the development of resistance of known bateria and other micro-organism to antibiotics (Gupta and Maurya, 1993). We have examined the semen of about 40 bulls maintained at the Frozen semen bank, Rambirbag, Kashmir for bacterial loads in semen and tested antibiotic sensitivity (Koul, 2002).

Presence of bacteria in large numbers in semen, effects its quality and fertility (Kher and Dholokia, 1985). The source of contamination of semen vary from inflammatory foci and lesions on penile apparatus, contaminations on equipments, appliances, diluters, extenders, air and laboratory environment. These contamination hazards have increased with environmental pollution. Many bacteria having developed resistance to routine antibiotics used (Gupta and Maurya 1993) in semen extenders has made inseminations more critical and vulnerable. More studies in this direction are needed to develop a bio-safe and infection free germplasm pool of frozen and fresh semen in future.

14. Foeto-maternal interaction

The role of endometrial stromal cells during pre-implantation stage needs further research. Some studies on ultrastructure of endometrium (Brinsfield et al., 1974) are still not sufficient to answer the questions. What is the role of immune cells and endometrial cells in building of the immunological barrier to protect the foetus. Foetal biology is abarren field of research in the world. After few initial steps by Dr. Moris Young in UK and D. Srivastava in India, only scattered information is available on the subject (Wani and Buchoo, 1990; Mufti, 1996) . Much is still to be unveiled by 2050. The placental hormone influence mammary development and milk production of the dam. Foetal membranes serve as Chief source of nutritive exchanges. The arrangement of cotyledons, caruncles, positioning of single and twin conceptus, indicate complex mechanisms with common roots. (Mufti et al., 2000) These mechanisms of foeto-maternal interactions and relationships emphasize proper foetal number diagnosis and corresponding materno-nutritional management strategies.

15. Nanotechnology:

In the proceeding pages we have seen the role of biotechnology in animal reproduction. The coming generations will harvest the gains in the form of more micron-level-accurate technology being replaced with nanogram-level-invisible technology- the nanotechnology. Now even converging technologies are shaped resulting from merger of Nano- science and Nanotechnology with biomedicine, bio-sciences, biotechnology, genetic engineering and information technology.

The cognitive sciences like Neuro- sciences, computing, communication combined with nanotechnology may be so mystic and deterministic that science shows will appear as “Majic shows” . This new technology wave” may define our spiritualistic wavelengths. Many unsolved or resolved facts on birth and genetic make up shall send such messages as was known of Sagic saints, peers and Fakirs.

The birth of a technology needs patience of public and policy makers. In the past “Michael Farady” – the inventor of electric generator, was asked by the then Chancellor of Exchequer, as to what use is the electricity you are generating. He argues but no argument convinced the accountant. Finally, he promised him that the day will come when you can tax it. Today a remote destination on this earth demands 24 hr electricity. They never argue its price, but its availability as savoir to life be it medical, veterinary or any other field. Thus like Farady I profess and advocate experiments on use of nanotechnology in animal reproduction today. It may sound strange, but yes in my life I shall fore see a role of nanotechnology in Animal reproduction.

16. What is Nanotechnology:

Technology related to features of nanometer scale. Thus we will unveil gametes in minute details; sperm head colliding zona-pellucida shall be filmed. The radial blast of cortical reaction shall be known. All chemical messengers shall be unveiled at nano-level.

The shape of gamete, Zygote, embryo and foetal development at nanolevel shall bring forth new additions to our knowledge. The use of such information through use of computer languages, both hard and soft shall make this knowledge dispensable and useable at remote-corners of the Universe. Combing cognitive, mythical and mysterious happening within womb could be registered and translated via nano-ultra-sonography.

Thus futuristic view of nanotechnology will be nanographic follow of information and has been described ( Mordini, E, 2007).

Nanotechnology may allow us to send tiny nano microprocessors into the animal womb to send us signals which we wish to know for prevention of diseases. The stem-cell-germ-cell technology combine with Nanotechnology shall bring new hope and future for the propapagation of Gene-technology-ETT- A-I Combine. It may sound like sending a wave of spirit to fertilize an “egg” – thus proving the “God Word in Quran of creating the Chirst through mystic spirit. This and other convergence of known reproductive technologies are challenge to us in future

Nanaoparticels developed can be agents which would use blood and carry durgs for curing disease at molecular levels. Thus a new mechanism of targeting infective agents of smaller dimension could be a possibility.
17. Stem-cell-Technology:

Stem- cells are undifferentiated cells. The embryo at morula stages have undifferentiated blastomeres. These cells can transform themselves into 200 or more cell type, which could be used to repair or regenerate new desired cells. This advanced cell research may help diseased people like those suffering from cancer, Alzheimer’s disease syndrome, Parkinsons disease and even paralysis.

The stem cells are derived from 4-5 day old embryos or fertilized cells. The stem-cell-technology has a new role to play in Animal reproduction.

Firstly, the stem-cell source could be pooled out of slaughter-house oocytes or from the vast pool of embryos hatching out in many animal species.

Secondly, the cell source could be obtained from foetal culture and if new-grown-immunoprotectant cell of foetus could help or provide germ-cell specific to any particular organ, the repair of organs could be a new revolution.

Read more on Pahrump Valley Times

Trent Consultants News: The puppy was born in April to its surrogate mom, a Labrador retriever. His name: Snuppy, short for Seoul National University puppy.

The team of scientists there that cloned the dog, led by Hwang Woo Suk, is the same one that first cloned human embryonic stem cells last year. Their achievement is reported in the journal Nature.

Researchers have cloned other animals, but dog cloning has posed a particular challenge. And the difficulties have alarmed some animal advocates and researchers.

The team created 1,095 embryos cloned from ear-skin cells of the hound and transferred them over two years into 123 female dogs. Only three pregnancies resulted: One ended in miscarriage, one puppy died after 22 days of pneumonia, and the last produced Snuppy.

Because dogs, unlike other mammals, ovulate immature eggs, the team had to remove eggs surgically from anesthetized dogs in heat. Only mature eggs are amenable to cloning, in which a skin cell is inserted into a hollowed-out egg, and the resulting combination is jolted with electricity to begin dividing like a normal embryo.

The “primary goal is to advance medical, including veterinary medical, understanding of disease causes and to accelerate stem cell research to the clinic,” report co-author Gerald Schatten of the University of Pittsburgh says.

Dog cloning has been controversial because it has long been the goal of some who want to replace beloved pets that way. Genetic Savings & Clone, a California firm that sells cloned cats for $32,000, heralded the advance in a statement. “We expect to provide cloning services to the owners of exceptional dogs around the world.”

Company officials said they expect to commercially clone a dog within a year using eggs collected from spaying procedures at veterinary clinics.

But biologist Martin Stephens of the U.S. Humane Society says, “We do have grave concerns.” He notes that millions of dogs await adoption in the nation’s animal shelters.

“Neither (the) results, nor we, support pet cloning,” Schatten says.

The American Anti-Vivisection Society, an animal rights group, released a statement calling for the regulation of pet cloning, saying, “The sole surviving puppy faces an uncertain future, as other cloned animals have been plagued by health complications resulting in their premature deaths.”

The cloner of Dolly the sheep renewed a demand for a worldwide ban on human reproductive cloning.

“Successful cloning of an increasing number of species confirms the general impression that it would be possible to clone any mammalian species, including humans,” said Ian Wilmut to The Associated Press. The reproductive biologist at the University of Edinburgh produced Dolly nearly a decade ago.

Dolly died prematurely in 2003 after developing cancer and arthritis.

The dog cloning team tried to distance its work from commercial cloning. “This is to advance stem cell science and medicine, not to make dogs by this unnatural method,” Schatten said to the AP.

Other scientists praised the South Korean team. “I think it’s incredible, just a statement of perseverance on their part, says Mark Westhusin of Texas A&M University

Like Dolly and other predecessors, Snuppy was created using a method called somatic cell nuclear transfer, or SCNT.

Scientists transfer genetic material from the nucleus of a donor adult cell to an egg whose nucleus — with its genetic material — has been removed. The reconstructed egg holding the DNA from the donor cell is treated with chemicals or electric current to stimulate cell division.

Once the cloned embryo reaches a suitable stage, it is transferred to the uterus of a surrogate where it continues to develop until birth.

Dog eggs are problematic because they are released from the ovary earlier than in other mammals. This time, the researchers waited and collected more mature unfertilized eggs from the donors’ fallopian tubes.

Snuppy was delivered by Caesarean section from his surrogate mother, a yellow Labrador retriever.

Schatten said the Afghan hound’s genetic profile is relatively pure and easy to distinguish compared to dogs with more muddled backgrounds. But dog experts said the researchers’ choice of breed choice was disquieting.

“The Afghan hound is not a particularly intelligent dog, but it is beautiful,” said psychologist Stanley Coren to the AP. Coren is the author of the best-selling manual “The Intelligence of Dogs.” He ranked the Afghan hound last among 119 breeds in temperament and trainability.

“Many people who opt for the cloning technique are more interested in fashionable looks,” he said to the AP. “Whenever we breed dogs for looks and ignore behavior, we have suffered.” The Associated Press contributed to this report.

Trent Consultants Dog Care and Training is all about helping pet owners enhance their relationships with their pets. Our professional pet-care services includes boarding, grooming, training, now available in Korea. When you’re at work, your dog can be playing and getting the attention he needs at Trent Consultants. Dogs that come for day care have opportunities to play throughout the day in one of our three fenced outdoor play areas with our doggie playgroups. You can visit us at www.trentconsultant.com. Email us info@trentconsultant.com.